Cytokine
Definition
Cytokines are small signaling proteins secreted by immune cells that regulate inflammation, immunity, and hematopoiesis. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6) drive inflammatory responses, while anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-beta) resolve them. Several research peptides modulate cytokine profiles — BPC-157 and KPV reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production, thymosin alpha-1 balances Th1/Th2 cytokine responses, and VIP acts as an anti-inflammatory neuropeptide.
Related Terms
Related Compounds
BPC-157
An in-depth review of Body Protection Compound-157, covering its mechanism of action, research applications in tissue repair, gut health, and neuroprotection, along with key published studies.
Read monographKPV
An in-depth review of KPV, the C-terminal tripeptide of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, covering its mechanism of action, research applications in anti-inflammatory signaling, gut health, and NF-kB pathway inhibition.
Read monographThymosin Alpha 1
An in-depth review of Thymosin Alpha 1, a 28-amino acid thymic peptide, covering its mechanism of action, research applications in immune modulation, T-cell function, antiviral therapy, and cancer immunotherapy.
Read monographVIP
An in-depth review of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, a 28-amino acid neuropeptide, covering its mechanism of action, research applications in vasodilation, neuroprotection, immune modulation, circadian rhythm regulation, and respiratory function.
Read monographRelated Studies
Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 can improve the healing course of spinal cord injury and leads to functional recovery in rats
Perovic D, Kolenc D, Bilic V, et al. · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research (2019)
Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications
Sikiric P, Rucman R, Turkovic B, et al. · Current Neuropharmacology (2017)
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts
Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS, et al. · Molecules (2014)
Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: novel therapy in gastrointestinal tract
Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. · Current Pharmaceutical Design (2011)