Research Monographs
Comprehensive compound profiles covering mechanisms of action, published research, molecular properties, and practical research considerations.
Cerebrolysin
A detailed research review of Cerebrolysin, a porcine brain-derived neuropeptide preparation with neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties studied in stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and TBI.
ARA-290
An in-depth review of ARA-290 (Cibinetide), an 11-amino acid peptide derived from the B helix of erythropoietin that selectively activates the Innate Repair Receptor (IRR) to mediate tissue protection, anti-inflammatory signaling, and nerve fiber regeneration without erythropoietic activity.
Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-3)
Explore the science of Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-3), a SNAP-25 mimetic neuropeptide studied for anti-wrinkle activity via SNARE complex modulation, with clinical evidence and safety data.
Follistatin
An in-depth review of Follistatin (FST-344), covering its isoforms, mechanism of myostatin and activin neutralization, gene therapy applications for muscular dystrophies, metabolic effects, and clinical trial data.
FOXO4-DRI
An in-depth review of FOXO4-DRI, a D-retro-inverso senolytic peptide that selectively induces apoptosis in senescent cells by disrupting the FOXO4-p53 nuclear interaction. This monograph covers its mechanism of action, pharmacological properties, and preclinical research across aging, tissue rejuvenation, and cancer senescence models.
GHRP-2
An in-depth scientific review of Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 (Pralmorelin/KP-102), covering its mechanism of action at the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a), pharmacokinetics, research applications in growth hormone secretion, appetite regulation, anti-inflammatory activity, and muscle-wasting attenuation, supported by peer-reviewed references.
GHRP-6
An in-depth review of Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6, covering its mechanism of action via the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a), research applications in growth hormone secretion, cardioprotection, wound healing, and neuroprotection, along with key published studies and pharmacokinetic data from human trials.
Hexarelin
An in-depth review of Hexarelin, a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue that acts on both the GHSR-1a (ghrelin receptor) and the scavenger receptor CD36. This monograph covers its mechanism of action, GH-independent cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties, lipid metabolism effects, and comprehensive pharmacokinetic profile.
Gonadorelin
An in-depth review of gonadorelin, the native gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) decapeptide that regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This monograph covers its mechanism of action at the GnRH receptor on pituitary gonadotrophs, the critical role of pulsatile secretion in differential LH/FSH regulation, pharmacokinetics, diagnostic and research applications, and key published studies.
Humanin
An in-depth review of humanin, a 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded by the 16S rRNA gene, covering its discovery, anti-apoptotic mechanisms via BAX sequestration and IGFBP-3 binding, and preclinical research applications spanning neuroprotection, metabolic regulation, and cardiovascular cytoprotection.
Kisspeptin
An in-depth review of kisspeptin (kisspeptin-54 and kisspeptin-10), the KISS1 gene product that acts on the GPR54/KISS1R receptor to regulate GnRH secretion. This monograph covers its mechanism of action, role in puberty onset and reproductive neuroendocrinology, metabolic integration, pharmacokinetics, and key published research.
LL-37
An in-depth review of LL-37, the sole human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, covering its mechanisms of membrane disruption, immunomodulation, anti-biofilm activity, and research applications in wound healing, innate immunity, and antimicrobial defense.
Matrixyl (Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4)
Explore the science of Matrixyl (Pal-KTTKS), a collagen-stimulating signal peptide derived from procollagen I. Review mechanisms, clinical evidence, variants, and formulation research.
Oxytocin
Explore the science of oxytocin, the 9-amino-acid neuropeptide known for its roles in social behavior, wound healing, cardioprotection, and metabolic regulation. Comprehensive review of mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and clinical research.
PE-22-28
An in-depth review of PE-22-28, a heptapeptide fragment derived from proenkephalin A's Peptide E sequence. Unlike classical enkephalins, PE-22-28 does not bind opioid receptors and is investigated for its proposed role in BDNF/TrkB-mediated neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and cognitive enhancement.
SLU-PP-332
An in-depth review of SLU-PP-332, a synthetic pan-ERR agonist and exercise mimetic compound, covering its mechanism of action via ERRa/b/g activation, research in muscle physiology, metabolic disease, and mitochondrial function.
SS-31
An in-depth review of SS-31 (Elamipretide/Bendavia/MTP-131), a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that selectively binds cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane to stabilize cristae structure, optimize electron transport chain efficiency, and restore bioenergetics in models of aging and disease.
Thymosin Beta-4
In-depth review of full-length Thymosin Beta-4, the 43-amino acid regenerative protein. Covers mechanism of action, cardiac repair, corneal healing, anti-fibrotic properties, and clinical trials.
5-Amino 1MQ
An in-depth review of 5-Amino 1MQ, a selective NNMT inhibitor, examining its mechanism of action in NAD+ metabolism, SIRT1 activation, adipocyte reprogramming, pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and research applications in metabolic health and cancer biology.
AOD-9604
An in-depth review of AOD-9604, a modified fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 176-191), covering its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, research applications in fat metabolism, lipolysis, cartilage repair, and safety profile.
CJC-1295 no DAC / Ipamorelin Blend
An in-depth review of the CJC-1295 no DAC and Ipamorelin combination, examining the synergistic mechanisms of GHRH analog and ghrelin mimetic co-administration for enhanced growth hormone release, pharmacokinetics, dosing protocols, and safety profile.
Dihexa
An in-depth review of Dihexa, a potent angiotensin IV analog and HGF/c-Met signaling activator, examining its role in synaptogenesis, cognitive enhancement, neuroplasticity, and dementia-related research.
Epithalon
An in-depth review of Epithalon (Epitalon), a synthetic tetrapeptide based on the pineal gland peptide epithalamin, covering its role in telomerase activation, telomere elongation, anti-aging research, melatonin regulation, pharmacokinetics, and safety profile.
DSIP
A comprehensive review of Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP), a naturally occurring nonapeptide involved in sleep architecture modulation, circadian rhythm regulation, neuroendocrine function, stress adaptation, and antioxidant defense, including pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and dosing in research.
GHK-Cu
An in-depth review of GHK-Cu (copper tripeptide), a naturally occurring copper-peptide complex, covering its mechanism of action, research applications in skin regeneration, wound healing, collagen synthesis, and gene expression modulation.
Glutathione
An in-depth review of glutathione (GSH), the body's most abundant intracellular antioxidant tripeptide, covering its mechanism of action, redox cycling, conjugation reactions, enzyme systems, pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability challenges, research applications in oxidative stress protection, detoxification, liver health, immune support, safety profile, and dosing in research.
IGF1-LR3
An in-depth review of IGF1-LR3, a long-acting insulin-like growth factor-1 variant with enhanced bioavailability, covering its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, research applications in muscle growth, cell proliferation, anabolic pathways, and safety profile.
Ipamorelin
An in-depth review of Ipamorelin, a highly selective growth hormone secretagogue pentapeptide, covering its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, research applications in GH release, bone density, muscle growth, and safety profile.
KPV
An in-depth review of KPV, the C-terminal tripeptide of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, covering its mechanism of action, research applications in anti-inflammatory signaling, gut health, and NF-kB pathway inhibition.
Melanotan 2
An in-depth review of Melanotan 2, a synthetic cyclic analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, covering its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, research applications in melanogenesis, pigmentation, appetite modulation, melanocortin receptor pharmacology, safety profile, and dosing in research models.
NAD+
An in-depth review of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a critical coenzyme found in all living cells, covering its role in cellular energy metabolism, sirtuin activation, DNA repair, pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and anti-aging research.
Methylene Blue
An in-depth review of Methylene Blue, the first synthetic drug compound, covering its mechanism of action as an alternative mitochondrial electron carrier, research applications in neuroprotection, cognitive function, mitochondrial enhancement, and its hormetic dose-response properties.
MOTS-c
An in-depth review of MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded by the 12S rRNA gene, examining its role in AMPK activation, exercise mimicry, glucose metabolism, pharmacokinetics, safety, and aging research.
PT-141
An in-depth review of PT-141 (Bremelanotide), a cyclic melanocortin receptor agonist, covering its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, research applications in sexual function, melanocortin pharmacology, CNS-mediated arousal pathways, safety profile, and dosing in research models.
Retatrutide
An in-depth review of Retatrutide, the first triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonist, examining its mechanism of action, glucagon-mediated thermogenesis, and unprecedented weight loss results from Phase 2 clinical trials.
Selank
An in-depth review of Selank, a synthetic tuftsin analog heptapeptide, covering its anxiolytic mechanisms, cognitive enhancement potential, GABA modulation, immunomodulatory properties, and key published research findings.
Semax
An in-depth review of Semax, a synthetic ACTH(4-10) analog, examining its nootropic properties, BDNF and NGF upregulation, neuroprotective mechanisms, and applications in cognitive enhancement research.
Semaglutide
An in-depth review of Semaglutide, a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist, covering its mechanism of action, albumin-binding pharmacokinetics, and research applications in metabolic health, weight management, and cardiovascular outcomes.
Sermorelin
An in-depth review of Sermorelin (GHRH 1-29), a growth hormone-releasing hormone analog, covering its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, safety profile, research applications in GH stimulation, anti-aging, and pituitary function preservation.
SNAP-8
An in-depth review of SNAP-8 (Acetyl Octapeptide-3), a competitive inhibitor of the SNARE complex, covering its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, research applications in neuromuscular junction modulation, safety profile, cosmeceutical anti-wrinkle science, and expression line research.
Tesamorelin
An in-depth review of Tesamorelin, a modified GHRH analog with a trans-3-hexenoic acid modification, covering its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, safety profile, research applications in visceral fat reduction, lipodystrophy, liver health, and cognitive function.
Thymalin
An in-depth review of Thymalin, a polypeptide complex derived from the thymus gland, covering its mechanism of action in immune regulation, thymic reconstitution, T-cell maturation, anti-aging bioregulation, neuroendocrine function, pharmacokinetics, and safety profile.
Tirzepatide
An in-depth review of Tirzepatide, the first dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist ('twincretin'), examining its mechanism of action, superior glycemic and weight loss efficacy, and research applications in metabolic health.
VIP
An in-depth review of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, a 28-amino acid neuropeptide, covering its mechanism of action, research applications in vasodilation, neuroprotection, immune modulation, circadian rhythm regulation, and respiratory function.
Thymosin Alpha 1
An in-depth review of Thymosin Alpha 1, a 28-amino acid thymic peptide, covering its mechanism of action, research applications in immune modulation, T-cell function, antiviral therapy, and cancer immunotherapy.
TB-500
A comprehensive review of TB-500, a synthetic fragment of Thymosin Beta-4, examining its role in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and inflammation research.
BPC-157
An in-depth review of Body Protection Compound-157, covering its mechanism of action, research applications in tissue repair, gut health, and neuroprotection, along with key published studies.