Completed Clinical (Consensus) 2015

    European Consensus Statement on congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism — pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment

    Boehm U, Bouloux PM, Dattani MT, et al.

    Nature Reviews Endocrinology

    DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.112

    Summary

    Expert consensus on CHH, a disorder caused by deficient GnRH production, secretion, or action. Identified 25+ causal genes and established that pulsatile GnRH therapy can restore fertility. Noted that 10-20% of patients exhibit spontaneous recovery of reproductive function.

    Key Findings

    • Over 25 genes identified as causal for congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
    • Pulsatile GnRH therapy can induce fertility in most CHH patients
    • 10-20% of patients show spontaneous recovery of reproductive function

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    Completed 2021

    Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs: mechanisms of action and clinical applications in female reproduction

    Wu HM, Chang HM, Leung PCK

    Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

    Comprehensive review of GnRH signaling in reproductive biology. Documented extra-hypothalamic GnRH receptors in ovary, endometrium, and myometrium. Discussed new developments including oral nonpeptide GnRH antagonists and upstream regulators like kisspeptin for controlling the HPO axis.

    • Extra-pituitary GnRH receptors exist in ovary, endometrium, and myometrium with direct effects
    • New oral nonpeptide GnRH antagonists are being developed for clinical application

    DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100882

    Completed 1991

    Clinical uses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues

    Casper RF

    Canadian Medical Association Journal

    Foundational clinical review of GnRH analog applications including endometriosis, uterine leiomyoma, precocious puberty, and hormone-dependent cancers. Established that GnRH agonists first stimulate then inhibit gonadotropin secretion through pituitary receptor downregulation, with few side effects.

    • GnRH agonists downregulate pituitary receptors, producing reversible chemical gonadectomy
    • Proved efficacious for endometriosis, fibroids, precocious puberty, and hormone-dependent cancers

    DOI: 10.1016/S0889-8545(21)00535-2